Temperature robust PCA based stress monitoring approach

In this paper, a guided wave temperature robust PCA-based stress monitoring methodology is proposed. It is based on the analysis of the longitudinal guided wave propagating along the path under stress. Slight changes in the wave are detected by means of PCA via statistical T2 and Q indices. Experimental and numerical simulations of the guided wave propagating in material under different temperatures have shown significant variations in the amplitude and the velocity of the wave. This condition can jeopardize the discrimination of the different stress scenarios detected by the PCA indices. Thus, it is proposed a methodology based on an extended knowledge base, composed by a PCA statistical model for different discrete temperatures to produce a robust classification of stress states under variable environmental conditions. Experimental results have shown a good agreement between the predicted scenarios and the real onesPostprint (author's final draft

Flow estimation in a steel pipe using guided waves

In this investigation, a flow rate estimation guided wave based scheme in pipes is proposed. The effect of the fluid over the propagation of longitudinal waves has been experimentally studied by using several laminar flows of water transported by a steel pipe. Results have shown a decrease of the guided wave pattern repeatability and the signal energy as the flow rate increase as a result of the energy leakage from the pipe to the fluid. A Matlab® script is used to excite the PZT actuator via picoscope 2208 of Picotech®, the captured signal is acquired also by the picoscope and the data is processed in Matlab. The test bench utilized is composed by a 1” sch 40 A-106 pipe, a needle valve and a centrifugal pump provides the flow energy. A couple of PZTs are used in a picth-catch configuration to produce and capture the longitudinal waves along the cross section of the pipe.Postprint (author's final draft

Detección de cortocircuito en el devanado de un motor sincrónico de imanes permanentes usando corriente de secuencia negativa en dominio tiempo

La técnica de corriente de secuencia negativa en dominio tiempo es aplicada a la detección del cortocircuito en una fase del de- vanado en el estator de un PMSM, de sus siglas en inglés (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor). Inicialmente, los componen- tes fundamentales de las señales de corriente son obtenidos usando un filtro tipo Notch, y basado en los componentes funda- mentales se obtiene la corriente secuencial negativa en dominio tiempo, la cual se constituye en el indicador de cortocircuito en el devanado del estator. Además de la detección de la falla, la corriente de secuencia negativa proporciona una medida relativa de la severidad de la falla. El método propuesto detectó oportuna ( and lt; 22 ms) y de manera confiable el cortocircuito en el deva- nado del estator para niveles de severidad alrededor y mayores del 6,25% de cortocircuito de la fase en cortocircuito. Adicional- mente se confirmó la relación proporcional entre el indicador de falla y el grado de severidad de esta. El uso de la corriente se- cuencial negativa en dominio tiempo reduce de manera significativa el costo computacional y el tiempo de detección asociado al uso de Fourier cuando la técnica es empleada en el dominio de la frecuencia. El método propuesto puede extenderse para ampliar el proceso de detección a la determinación de la fase involucrada en el corto, mejorando el proceso de detección de la falla estudiada. La validación del método es efectuada en línea usando un banco experimental de un PMSM bajo ambientes computacionales de dSpace® y Matlab®/Simulink®.A negative sequence analysis in time domain was applied to fault detection of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). The fundamental components of the motor terminal currents were obtained using a Notch filter, based on which the negative se- quence components in time domain were then calculated; the negative sequence current constituted the stator winding short-cir- cuit fault indicator. The negative sequence current also provided a qualitative evaluation regarding the severity of the fault. The proposed method promptly ( and lt; 22 ms) and reliably determined the stator winding short for different levels of severity in faults around and greater than 6.25% of the shorted phase. Experimental studies confirmed the proportional relationship between fault indicator and the level of severity. Using negative sequence current in time domain reduced computational cost and detection ti- me compared to that in frequency domain. The proposed method could be extended to detect the shorted phase to improve mo- nitoring. The method was validated online using a PMSM experimental setup with dSPACE and Matlab/Simulink environment

Detección de cortocircuito en el devanado de un motor sincrónico de imanes permanentes usando corriente de secuencia negativa en dominio tiempo

La técnica de corriente de secuencia negativa en dominio tiempo es aplicada a la detección del cortocircuito en una fase del de- vanado en el estator de un PMSM, de sus siglas en inglés (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor). Inicialmente, los componen- tes fundamentales de las señales de corriente son obtenidos usando un filtro tipo Notch, y basado en los componentes funda- mentales se obtiene la corriente secuencial negativa en dominio tiempo, la cual se constituye en el indicador de cortocircuito en el devanado del estator. Además de la detección de la falla, la corriente de secuencia negativa proporciona una medida relativa de la severidad de la falla. El método propuesto detectó oportuna ( and lt; 22 ms) y de manera confiable el cortocircuito en el deva- nado del estator para niveles de severidad alrededor y mayores del 6,25% de cortocircuito de la fase en cortocircuito. Adicional- mente se confirmó la relación proporcional entre el indicador de falla y el grado de severidad de esta. El uso de la corriente se- cuencial negativa en dominio tiempo reduce de manera significativa el costo computacional y el tiempo de detección asociado al uso de Fourier cuando la técnica es empleada en el dominio de la frecuencia. El método propuesto puede extenderse para ampliar el proceso de detección a la determinación de la fase involucrada en el corto, mejorando el proceso de detección de la falla estudiada. La validación del método es efectuada en línea usando un banco experimental de un PMSM bajo ambientes computacionales de dSpace® y Matlab®/Simulink®.A negative sequence analysis in time domain was applied to fault detection of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). The fundamental components of the motor terminal currents were obtained using a Notch filter, based on which the negative se- quence components in time domain were then calculated; the negative sequence current constituted the stator winding short-cir- cuit fault indicator. The negative sequence current also provided a qualitative evaluation regarding the severity of the fault. The proposed method promptly ( and lt; 22 ms) and reliably determined the stator winding short for different levels of severity in faults around and greater than 6.25% of the shorted phase. Experimental studies confirmed the proportional relationship between fault indicator and the level of severity. Using negative sequence current in time domain reduced computational cost and detection ti- me compared to that in frequency domain. The proposed method could be extended to detect the shorted phase to improve mo- nitoring. The method was validated online using a PMSM experimental setup with dSPACE and Matlab/Simulink environment

Stress monitoring of cylindrical structures using guided waves

This thesis presents some approaches for guided wave based stress monitoring as a part of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). SHM systems include different levels, from damage detection to prognosis, however, this work is focused on detection and on an estimation of the actual stress. The proposed stress monitoring strategies are based on different statistical and signal processing approaches such as Principal Component Analysis and Residuals. These techniques are applied on signals of elastic guided waves generated and sensed via Piezoelectrical (PZT) or Magnetostrictive transducers. Transducer devices are chosen in this work to generate longitudinal, flexural and torsional guided waves in cylindrical specimens, since their high performance, low energy consumption, weight and reasonable price. In order to guarantee the efficacy of the proposed techniques, they are tested in laboratory by emulating real installations and abnormal conditions. Experimental tests revealed that temperature and bonding layer between the PZT and the specimen influence on the performance of the monitoring scheme by changes in the guided wave propagation. Thus, the temperature effect on guided wave propagation was examined by checking the sensitivity of the PCA-based proposed approach. Then, a temperature compensation strategy is applied to improve stability and robustness of the scheme for structures subjected temperature changes. On the other hand, since the acoustoelasticity effect is predominant in the propagation of stressed guided waves, it was observed its incidence on the dispersion curves by using a SAFE method (Semi-Analytical Finite Element) to generate stressed dispersion curves via Effective Elastic Constants (EEC). Finally, as a consequence of some observations in the experimentation stage, it is proposed a scheme for monitoring the supports rigidity in pipelines based on a guided waves energy leakage perspective. The proposed approaches may promise the ability and capability of being implemented in different fields such as aerospace and gas/oil industry.En esta tesis se presentan algunos enfoques para el monitoreo de esfuerzos usando ondas guiadas como parte de un sistema de evaluación de integridad. Estos sistemas incluyen diferentes niveles de monitoreo que van desde la detección de daños hasta su predicción; sin embargo este trabajo se enfoca solo en la detección y estimación de un valor probable de esfuerzo. La estrategia de monitoreo propuesta se basa en diferentes enfoques estadísticos y de procesamiento de señales tales como Análisis de Componentes Principales y Residuos. Estas técnicas se aplican en señales que corresponden a ondas guiadas generadas por transductores piezoelectricos (PZT) o magnetostrictivos. Estos elementos tienen la capacidad de generar ondas guiadas longitudinales, de flexión y torsionales en especímenes cilíndricos, con alto desempeño, bajo consumo de energía, bajo peso y a un costo razonable. Para garantizar la efectividad de las técnicas propuestas, estas se prueban en laboratorio emulando una instalación real y bajo condiciones anormales de esfuerzo. Los resultados experimentales revelaron que la temperatura de los alrededores y la capa adhesiva entre el piezoelectrico y el espécimen influyen en el desempeño del esquema de monitoreo debido a los cambios que se producen en la propagación de onda . Por lo tanto, se estudia el efecto desde una perspectiva analítica el efecto de la temperatura en la propagación de la onda guiada y en consecuencia en el desempeño del enfoque de monitoreo propuesto. Basado en lo anterior, se aplica una estrategia de compensación del efecto de la temperatura para mejorar la estabilidad y la robustez del esquema propuesto ante escenarios de cambios de temperatura. Por otro lado, debido a que el efecto predominante en la propagación de ondas guiadas bajo esfuerzo es el efecto acoustoelastico, se estudia su influencia en las curvas de dispersión usando un método semi-analitico basado en elementos finitos (SAFE del inglés) en combinación con las Constantes Elásticas Efectivas (EEC del inglés) para estimar las curvas de dispersión de ondas guiadas bajo esfuerzo. Finalmente, como un resultados de la experimentación, se propone un esquema de monitoreo de rigidez de soportes de tubería cilíndrica basado en un perspectiva de energía de ultrasonido transferida al entorno vía contacto de superficies. El enfoque propuesto puede ser extendido al monitoreo de rigidez o contacto en otros sistemas en campos tales como el aeroespacial y en la industria del Gas/PetróleoPostprint (published version

Stress monitoring of cylindrical structures using guided waves

This thesis presents some approaches for guided wave based stress monitoring as a part of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). SHM systems include different levels, from damage detection to prognosis, however, this work is focused on detection and on an estimation of the actual stress. The proposed stress monitoring strategies are based on different statistical and signal processing approaches such as Principal Component Analysis and Residuals. These techniques are applied on signals of elastic guided waves generated and sensed via Piezoelectrical (PZT) or Magnetostrictive transducers. Transducer devices are chosen in this work to generate longitudinal, flexural and torsional guided waves in cylindrical specimens, since their high performance, low energy consumption, weight and reasonable price. In order to guarantee the efficacy of the proposed techniques, they are tested in laboratory by emulating real installations and abnormal conditions. Experimental tests revealed that temperature and bonding layer between the PZT and the specimen influence on the performance of the monitoring scheme by changes in the guided wave propagation. Thus, the temperature effect on guided wave propagation was examined by checking the sensitivity of the PCA-based proposed approach. Then, a temperature compensation strategy is applied to improve stability and robustness of the scheme for structures subjected temperature changes. On the other hand, since the acoustoelasticity effect is predominant in the propagation of stressed guided waves, it was observed its incidence on the dispersion curves by using a SAFE method (Semi-Analytical Finite Element) to generate stressed dispersion curves via Effective Elastic Constants (EEC). Finally, as a consequence of some observations in the experimentation stage, it is proposed a scheme for monitoring the supports rigidity in pipelines based on a guided waves energy leakage perspective. The proposed approaches may promise the ability and capability of being implemented in different fields such as aerospace and gas/oil industry.En esta tesis se presentan algunos enfoques para el monitoreo de esfuerzos usando ondas guiadas como parte de un sistema de evaluación de integridad. Estos sistemas incluyen diferentes niveles de monitoreo que van desde la detección de daños hasta su predicción; sin embargo este trabajo se enfoca solo en la detección y estimación de un valor probable de esfuerzo. La estrategia de monitoreo propuesta se basa en diferentes enfoques estadísticos y de procesamiento de señales tales como Análisis de Componentes Principales y Residuos. Estas técnicas se aplican en señales que corresponden a ondas guiadas generadas por transductores piezoelectricos (PZT) o magnetostrictivos. Estos elementos tienen la capacidad de generar ondas guiadas longitudinales, de flexión y torsionales en especímenes cilíndricos, con alto desempeño, bajo consumo de energía, bajo peso y a un costo razonable. Para garantizar la efectividad de las técnicas propuestas, estas se prueban en laboratorio emulando una instalación real y bajo condiciones anormales de esfuerzo. Los resultados experimentales revelaron que la temperatura de los alrededores y la capa adhesiva entre el piezoelectrico y el espécimen influyen en el desempeño del esquema de monitoreo debido a los cambios que se producen en la propagación de onda . Por lo tanto, se estudia el efecto desde una perspectiva analítica el efecto de la temperatura en la propagación de la onda guiada y en consecuencia en el desempeño del enfoque de monitoreo propuesto. Basado en lo anterior, se aplica una estrategia de compensación del efecto de la temperatura para mejorar la estabilidad y la robustez del esquema propuesto ante escenarios de cambios de temperatura. Por otro lado, debido a que el efecto predominante en la propagación de ondas guiadas bajo esfuerzo es el efecto acoustoelastico, se estudia su influencia en las curvas de dispersión usando un método semi-analitico basado en elementos finitos (SAFE del inglés) en combinación con las Constantes Elásticas Efectivas (EEC del inglés) para estimar las curvas de dispersión de ondas guiadas bajo esfuerzo. Finalmente, como un resultados de la experimentación, se propone un esquema de monitoreo de rigidez de soportes de tubería cilíndrica basado en un perspectiva de energía de ultrasonido transferida al entorno vía contacto de superficies. El enfoque propuesto puede ser extendido al monitoreo de rigidez o contacto en otros sistemas en campos tales como el aeroespacial y en la industria del Gas/Petróle

PCA based stress monitoring of cylindrical specimens using PZTs and guidedwaves

Since mechanical stress in structures affects issues such as strength, expected operational life and dimensional stability, a continuous stress monitoring scheme is necessary for a complete integrity assessment. Consequently, this paper proposes a stress monitoring scheme for cylindrical specimens, which are widely used in structures such as pipelines, wind turbines or bridges. The approach consists of tracking guided wave variations due to load changes, by comparing wave statistical patterns via Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Each load scenario is projected to the PCA space by means of a baseline model and represented using the Q-statistical indices. Experimental validation of the proposed methodology is conducted on two specimens: (i) a 12.7 mm (1/2”) diameter, 0.4 m length, AISI 1020 steel rod, and (ii) a 25.4 mm (1”) diameter, 6m length, schedule 40, A-106, hollow cylinder. Specimen 1 was subjected to axial loads, meanwhile specimen 2 to flexion. In both cases, simultaneous longitudinal and flexural guided waves were generated via piezoelectric devices (PZTs) in a pitch-catch configuration. Experimental results show the feasibility of the approach and its potential use as in-situ continuous stress monitoring application.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Analysis of the torsional mode T(0,1) propagating in a bending pipe

In operation, some structural members are subjects to bending conditions. Velocity variations of guided waves propagating in a stressed specimen are expected due to the acoustoelasticity effect. In this work, a numerical study of the fundamental torsional mode is performed in a hollow cylinder subjects to bending stress. Bending produces different stresses along the horizontal axis of the pipe and through the specimen thickness. Therefore, stress magnitudes are dependent on the longitudinal axis distance and the radius. Acoustoelasticity predicts change in bulk velocities when the propagation is in a stressed waveguide. Thus, the estimation of the phase velocity of a guided wave in a bowing specimen is a complex task. The objective of this study is to assess changes in the wavepacket dynamics due to stress variations in a bending environment. In the numerical analysis by using Finite Element Modeling (FEM), the stress gradient is imposed on the wave propagation analysis by importing the results of the quasi-static simulation (bending) to the explicit solution FEM scheme (Wave propagation). Several bending’s stresses behavior are simulated (variable and constant along the waveguide) and implemented to establish a relationship between the bending stress and the change in the phase magnitude velocity. Variations in velocity are determined in the time domain by comparing the current signals with the wavepacket without bending. The importance of this study lies on the verification of the effects in the wave field (e.g. velocity variations) caused by the bending and determine if they are enough to be used to track stresses variations in the waveguide in an SHM system by using a pitch-catch configuration.Postprint (published version

Support stiffness monitoring of cylindrical structures using magnetostrictive transducers and the torsional mode T(0,1)

In this paper, a support stiffness monitoring scheme based on torsional guided waves for detecting loss of rigidity in a support of cylindrical structures is presented. Poor support performance in cylindrical specimens such as a pipeline setup located in a sloping terrain may produce a risky operation condition in terms of the installation integrity and the possibility of human casualties. The effects of changing the contact forces between support and the waveguide have been investigated by considering variations in the load between them. Fundamental torsional T(0,1) mode is produced and launched by a magnetostrictive collar in a pitch-catch configuration to study the support effect in the wavepacket propagation. Several scenarios are studied by emulating an abnormal condition in the support of a dedicated test bench. Numerical results revealed T(0,1) ultrasonic energy leakage in the form of SH0 bulk waves when a mechanical coupling between the cylindrical waveguide and support is yielded. Experimental results showed that the rate of ultrasonic energy leakage depends on the magnitude of the reaction forces between pipe and support; so different levels of attenuation of T(0,1) mode will be produced with different mechanical contact conditions. Thus, it is possible to relate a measured attenuation to variations in the supports condition. Results of each scenarios are presented and discussed demonstrating the feasibility and potential of tracking of the amplitude of the T(0,1) as an indicator of abnormal conditions in simple supports.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Adaptive feedback feedforward compensation for disturbance rejection in a one DOF flexible structure: comparative analysis

En este artículo se estudia un Control Vibratorio Activo (AVC) para un problema de tres carritos. Se comparan los algoritmos de mínimos cuadrados filtrados (FxLMS) y mínimos cuadrados recurrentes (RLS) en términos de rechazo de perturbaciones, costo computacional y esfuerzo de control cuando se dispone de una medición correlacionada de la perturbación. El compensador RLS propuesto considera un acoplamiento de retroalimentación entre el compensador y la perturbación. La ruta de propagación secundaria de la planta se estimó utilizando el algoritmo LMS normalizado (NLMS). El acoplamiento positivo interno se modela como un filtro FIR estimado por los parámetros reales de la planta. Las simulaciones mostraron un rendimiento superior del algoritmo RLS con un costo informático razonable. El análisis comparativo se realizó comparando la compensación entre el orden del filtro y la magnitud del rechazo. In this paper an Active Vibrational Control (AVC) for a three-cart problem is studied. The Filtered-x Least Mean Square (FxLMS) and Recursive Least Square (RLS) algorithms are compared in terms of disturbance rejection, computational cost and control effort when a correlated measurement of the disturbance is available. The proposed RLS compensator considers a feedback coupling between the compensator and the disturbance. The secondary propagation path of the plant was estimated using normalized LMS (NLMS) algorithm. The internal positive coupling is modeled as a FIR filter estimated by the real plant parameters. Simulations showed a superior performance of RLS algorithm with a reasonable computer cost. The comparative analysis was performed comparing the tradeoff between the filter order and the magnitude of the rejection.&nbsp